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Combination of Pesticides Linked to Parkinson's Disease

By Cat Lazaroff

ROCHESTER, New York, January 3, 2001 (ENS) - A combination of two widely used agricultural pesticides - but neither one alone - creates in mice the exact pattern of brain damage that doctors see in patients with Parkinson's disease. The research offers the most compelling evidence yet that everyday environmental factors may play a role in the development of the disease.

The scientists caution that more studies are necessary to explain the link, since it is probable that many factors contribute to a complex disease like Parkinson's. The researchers say it is unlikely that the pesticides on their own actually cause the disease...

Here's the scientific abstract referred to: The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2000, 20(24):9207-9214 http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/24/9207 

See the web-page for the whole text of the non-technical article: http://ens.lycos.com/

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From P A N U P S, Pesticide Action Network Updates Service

Parkinson's Disease Possibly Linked to Pesticide Exposure

September 28, 2001

Recent research into the causes of Parkinson's disease suggests that
inheritance, age and environmental exposures may all be important
factors. In particular, numerous studies conducted over the past two
years have shown that there may be a link between pesticide exposure and
loss of neurological functions associated with Parkinson's.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive, incurable ailment. It is the
second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States after
Alzheimer's and affects more than a million people, including about 1%
of the population over age 60. Despite years of research, neither
definitive causes of the disease nor effective long-term treatments have
been found.

Parkinson's disease begins when brain cells that produce dopamine—a
chemical that helps control muscles—start to die. Symptoms become
apparent only after 60 to 80% of the cells are dead. The disease is
characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, slow movement, postural
instability and progressively involuntary writhing movements, paralysis
and an inability to talk or swallow.

Only about 10% of Parkinson's cases are genetic, with the remainder
resulting from unknown factors such as environmental exposure or some
interaction between genetic susceptibility and the environment.

Researchers believe that chemical exposures, particularly to pesticides,
play a role in some cases of Parkinson's. Three lines of evidence
suggest this finding. First, people who live in farming areas,
especially those who drink well water, and have a history of exposure to
pesticides are more likely to contract Parkinson's. Second, several
studies have shown that those who die of Parkinson's disease have higher
levels of organochlorine pesticides in their brains than the general
population. Finally, in the early 1980s, a group of young people
developed Parkinson's symptoms after taking an illegal drug called MPTP
whose structure is similar to meperidine or Demerol. The structure of
its metabolite is similar to the herbicide paraquat.

Although previous investigations only established an association between
workplace pesticide exposure and Parkinson's, a study conducted last
year at Stanford University showed that exposure to pesticides in homes
and gardens may also increase the risk of developing the disease. The
researchers interviewed 1038 people, including 496 who had recently
developed Parkinson's, about their lifestyle habits and whether or not
they had used or been exposed to insecticides, herbicides or fungicides
in homes or gardens.

The study revealed that individuals who were exposed to pesticides in
the home or garden were 70% more likely to develop Parkinson's than
those who were not exposed. "In-home insecticide exposure showed the
strongest association, but herbicide exposure in the garden was also
associated with an increased risk of [Parkinson's disease]," concluded
the researchers.

Although the mechanism by which Parkinson's is induced by pesticides—if
they do cause the disease in humans—is not yet well understood, and the
cause-effect relationship between pesticides and Parkinson's is still
unclear, many studies on rats and mice have shown links between
pesticide exposure and the development of Parkinson's-like symptoms.

One study at the University of California, Santa Cruz, showed that tiny
concentrations of the pesticides rotenone, dieldrin, DDT, 2,4-D and
paraquat cause reactions in the brains of mice that may accelerate the
development of Parkinson's. Mixtures of metals and pesticides may have a
synergistic effect in causing these reactions, the studies suggest.

Other studies have shown that rotenone causes the degeneration of nerve
cells in the brain in rats. Rotenone is a natural compound derived from
the roots of tropical plants. Generally considered relatively harmless
to mammals, it is used to kill nuisance fish in lakes, insects in
gardens, and fleas and ticks in pets. While some foresters bathe in it
after working in the woods, people would most frequently be exposed to
rotenone by ingesting residue in food or by handling it.

Another study at the University of Rochester showed that the combined
exposure of the herbicide paraquat and the fungicide maneb—applied to
millions of acres of farmland each year—are know to affect the
neuro-transmitter network in mice and produce a pattern of brain
disorders that are very similar to those found in humans with
Parkinson's.

Lead researcher Deborah Cory-Slechta said that the findings could be a
warning signal that current environmental investigations on the health
effects of pesticides do not cover enough ground. She added that the
findings would hopefully prompt the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
to investigate the potential hazards of exposure to combined pesticides.

Sources: Hileman, Bette, "The Environment and Parkinson's," Chemical &
Engineering News, September 17, 2001; Higgins, Margot, "Pesticides
linked to Parkinson's disease," Environmental News Network (ENN),
January 11, 2001; Associated Press, "Study links pesticides,
Parkinson's," November 6, 2000; Chubb, Lucy, "Pesticide exposure linked
to Parkinson's disease," May 6, 2000, ENN.

To comment, send a message to:
panna@panna.org

To subscribe, send a blank message to:
panups-subscribe@igc.topica.com

Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA)
49 Powell St., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA
Phone: (415) 981-1771
Fax: (415) 981-1991
Email: panna@panna.org
Web: http://www.panna.org
===========================================================

1/2001:

New science

Mice exposed at low levels to a combination of pesticides develop symptoms behaviorally and anatomically very similar to Parkinson's disease in humans. The pesticides involved are paraquat and maneb, used on millions of acres in the US each year.

http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/New/newstuff.htm#mouseparkinsons

=================================================================

1/2001:

Combination of Pesticides Linked to Parkinson's Disease

By Cat Lazaroff

ROCHESTER, New York, January 3, 2001 (ENS) - A combination of two widely used agricultural pesticides - but neither one alone - creates in mice the exact pattern of brain damage that doctors see in patients with Parkinson's disease. The research offers the most compelling evidence yet that everyday environmental factors may play a role in the development of the disease.

The scientists caution that more studies are necessary to explain the link, since it is probable that many factors contribute to a complex disease like Parkinson's. The researchers say it is unlikely that the pesticides on their own actually cause the disease. ...

See the web-page for the whole text of the non-technical article: http://ens.lycos.com/ens/jan2001/2001L-01-03-06.html

Here's the scientific abstract referred to: The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2000, 20(24):9207-9214http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/24/9207

The Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System as a Preferential Target of Repeated Exposures to Combined Paraquat and Maneb: Implications for Parkinson's Disease

Mona Thiruchelvam1, Eric K. Richfield2, 6, Raymond B. Baggs5, 6, Arnold W. Tank3, and Deborah A. Cory-Slechta4, 6 1 Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, Departments of 2 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3 Pharmacology and Physiology, and 4 Environmental Medicine, the 5 Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, and the 6 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642

Experimental evidence supporting 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium [paraquat (PQ)] as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) is equivocal. Other agricultural chemicals, including dithiocarbamate fungicides such as manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate [maneb (MB)], are widely used in the same geographical regions as paraquat and also impact dopamine systems, suggesting that mixtures may be more relevant etiological models. This study therefore proposed that combined PQ and MB exposures would produce greater effects on dopamine (DA) systems than would either compound administered alone. ....

============================================================================

12/30/2000:

Workplace Solvents May Intensify Parkinson's Disease

ST. PAUL, MN Jobs involving the use of common solvents can put people at risk for developing symptoms of Parkinson's disease earlier in life and more severe disease symptoms throughout its course, according to a study in the September 12 issue of Neurology, the scientific journal of the American Academy of Neurology. ...

Researchers identified nine occupations within the study group that accounted for more than 91 percent of the hydrocarbon solvent exposure. The most common occupations of those exposed were petroleum, plastic and rubber workers. Other occupations found to have frequent hydrocarbon exposure were painters, engine mechanics and lithographers....

The study was designed to find differences between new patients at a Parkinson's clinic who had and had not experienced hydrocarbon exposure in their lives. The research also found that those with hydrocarbon exposure were mostly male and less educated than those who were not exposed....

You can read more at  http://www.aan.com

=====================

November 5, 2000

Pesticide Found to Produce Parkinson's Symptoms in Rats

By SANDRA BLAKESLEE

EW ORLEANS, Nov. 4 - An organic pesticide widely used on home-grown fruits and vegetables and for killing unwanted fish in the  nation's lakes and rivers produces all the classic symptoms of  Parkinson's disease in rats that receive steady amounts of the  chemical in their bloodstreams, scientists said today. While it is much too soon to say that the pesticide, rotenone, causes  or contributes to Parkinson's disease in humans, the scientists said  the finding was the best evidence thus far that chemicals in the  environment may be factors in this devastating disease. ...

You can read more at

http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/05/science/05PARK.html

=========================================================================================================

Peter Montague: RACHELS ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH WEEKLY

#635: Parkinson's

http://www.rachel.org

=========================================================================

Thomas  H. Maugh II,  LOS ANGELES TIMES Medical Writer :

Etiology  of Parkinson's : Chemicals Called Main Cause of Parkinson's Disease:

Genes trigger only a small number of cases, study finds: Pesticides are cited as possible culprit.

==========================================================================

5/2000:

Michael J. Fox on Living with Parkinson's  http://www.halftheplanet.com/diversions20.cfm

=========================================================

http://www.msnbc.com/news/359124.asp

http://www.tricity.wsu.edu/aenews/Mar99AENews/Mar99AENews.htm

ftp://ftp.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/1999-00/senate/5450-5474/5470_01251999

---------------------------------

Friday, 5 May, 2000,

Parkinson's linked to insecticide use

Parkinson's causes muscle tremor

Exposure to insecticides in the home may double a person's risk of developing Parkinson's disease, say researchers. Scientists suspect insecticide chemicals damage nerve cells in a vulnerable region of the brain, but cannot fully explain the link.

Dr Lorene Nelson and colleagues at the Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, questioned 496 people newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease about their past use of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides in the home and garden. Another group of 541 people without the disease were asked similar questions and the two sets of answers compared. Use of insecticides at home was associated with the greatest risk of developing the disease. Parkinson's patients were more than twice as likely to have been exposed to the chemicals than the healthy participants. ....

Parkinson's is caused when brain cells that produce an important neurotransmitter, or message-carrying chemical, are destroyed. Dr Nelson said. "If we could understand why these neurons are being killed in certain circumstances, we can then try and prevent it."

You can read more at  

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_738000/738020.stm

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From P A N U P S, Pesticide Action Network Updates Service

Parkinson's Linked to Residential Pesticide Use

August 4, 2000

A recent study of people newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease has found that home pesticide use and exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. The study, led by Lorene Nelson, Ph.D., a neuroepidemiologist at Stanford University's School of Medicine, in Palo Alto, California, is the largest ever of individuals with newly diagnosed Parkinson's, and the first to show an association between home pesticide use and the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. The study's findings were presented in May 2000, at the American Academy of Neurology's 52nd Annual Meeting in San Diego, and the full report is expected to be released in early 2001.

Nelson and her colleagues questioned 496 people who were first diagnosed with Parkinson's in 1994 and 1995 about their past use of pesticides in their homes or gardens. The subjects were each asked detailed questions about types of pesticides used, frequency of use, and when they were first exposed to household and garden pesticides.

The researchers also asked subjects about their cigarette, alcohol and coffee consumption. A control group of 541 people without the disease were asked the same questions. When researchers compared the life histories of the subjects and the control group, they found that people exposed to in-home insecticides were 70% more likely to develop the disease than those who had not been exposed. The average amount of time that people reported being exposed to products in this category was 77 days. Exposure to garden insecticides carried a 50% increased risk of the disease, according to the study. Among herbicide users, risk of developing Parkinson's increased as the number of days that people were in contact with herbicides accumulated. Respondents who reported handling or applying those products for up to 30 days were 40% more likely to develop the disease, whereas respondents that reported higher levels of exposure, an average of 160 days, had a 70% increased risk of developing the disease. Exposure to fungicides, while linked to other health problems, was not determined to be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in this study.

According to Nelson, damage to nerve cells in a part of the brain called the basal ganglia and subsequent deficiency in the neurotransmitter dopamine leads to the balance and movement difficulties characteristic of Parkinson's disease. People exposed to chemicals that have a certain affinity to this region of the brain may be at particular risk for developing the disease, says Nelson.

Source: Technical Report, Beyond Pesticides/National Coalition

Against the Misuse of Pesticides, Vol. 15, No. 7, July 2000.

Contact: Beyond Pesticides/National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides, 701 E Street SE, Suite 200, Washington DC 20003; phone (202) 543-5450; fax (202) 543-4791; http://www.beyondpesticides.org.

PANUPS is a weekly email news service providing resource guides and reporting on pesticide issues that don't always get coverage by the mainstream media. It's produced by Pesticide Action Network North America, a non-profit and non-governmental organization working to advance sustainable alternatives to pesticides worldwide.

You can join our efforts! We gladly accept donations for our work and all contributions are tax deductible in the United States. Visit our extensive web site at http://www.panna.org to learn more about getting involved. (Email: panna@panna.org)

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10/2000:

    Jobs 'linked to Parkinson's'

Risky jobs:
                   -Mechanics
                   - Printers
                   - Painters
                   - People working with petroleum, rubber or plastics

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_920000/920390.stm

Monday, 11 September, 2000, 23:38 GMT 00:38 UK

Mechanics are one of the at risk groups  People who work with solvents such as petrol or rubber have a high risk of developing Parkinson's disease, according to a study. They are also more likely to show symptoms of the disease early in life and risk developing a more severe form of the disease than those  who do not work with solvents. The study, carried out by researchers in Italy, suggests that the risks are greatest among  people who work with hydrocarbon solvents. These solvents are found in common  petroleum-based products such as paints,   glues and rubber. As a result, the researchers suggest that painters, mechanics and printers are some of the most "at risk" jobs.

Others at risk of  developing the disease are people working with petroleum, rubber and plastic. ....

 

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